What is Dandruff?
Dandruff is a common scalp condition which involves itching and flaking of the skin on the scalp. It is not contagious and is not a serious health problem but it can be very annoying and embarrassing.
In dandruff the flakes of skin which are shed are white and oily looking. They tend to be larger than those seen in dry scalp. The flakes fall easily when hands are run through the hair, a feature which distinguishes dandruff from lice (as lice nits stick onto the hair shafts).
In people with dandruff the skin cells on the scalp have a very rapid turnover. This results in a build up of skin cells which are shed in large oily clumps.
The excess turnover of skin cells may be due to a yeast like fungus (Malassezia). This is normally present on our scalps but is found is out of control in people prone to dandruff. It irritates the skin on the scalp which causes more skin cell shedding. The overgrowth of the fungus Malassezia may be linked to changes in hormones, stress, illness and to not shampooing often enough. A lack of zinc and B vitamins in the diet may also contribute.
Who gets Dandruff?
Dandruff may affect anyone but most commonly develops in young adults and tends to be problematic through middle age and sometimes for life. Men are more prone to developing dandruff than women.
Cradle cap in babies is also a form of dandruff.
How is Dandruff Treated?
As dandruff is a chronic condition it cannot be cured and needs to be controlled. Generally dandruff can be managed with over the counter products.
Alternate daily hair washing with a mild shampoo can help in mild dandruff as this decreases the oiliness of the scalp and helps to remove dead skin cells.
There are many products available over the counter to treat dandruff. These contain ingredients such as selenium sulfide or ketoconazole which are anti fungal agents, or coal tar which slows the process of skin cell replacement.
In general an anti-dandruff product should be used daily until the condition is under control, and then 2-3 times per week. It is important to massage the shampoo into the scalp and to leave it on for 5 minutes before rinsing well. Sometimes, if the dandruff is stubborn it may help to alternate between two different products.
If your dandruff is severe and you are unable to control it with the use of over the counter anti-dandruff shampoos you should visit your doctor.